Livestock production, which not so long ago depended primarily on the pitchfork and scoop shovel, now uses many complicated and highly sophisticated machines for handling water, feed, bedding, and manure, as well as for the many special operations involved in producing milk and eggs.
Unlike in cases 1 and 2, workers who lose their jobs will find only inferior alternatives, and some may remain unemployed; this redeployment of labor is not a productive benefit, but a loss. Nor is there any potential relief from drudgery for the redeployed workers, since their inferior work options may in fact entail more drudgery.

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Livestock production, which not so long ago depended primarily on the pitchfork and scoop shovel, now uses many complicated and highly sophisticated machines for handling water, feed, bedding, and manure, as well as for the many special operations involved in producing milk and eggs.
Unlike in cases 1 and 2, workers who lose their jobs will find only inferior alternatives, and some may remain unemployed; this redeployment of labor is not a productive benefit, but a loss. Nor is there any potential relief from drudgery for the redeployed workers, since their inferior work options may in fact entail more drudgery.

Source 1 | Source 2 | Source 3

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