Primary power sources are many and varied including solar, wind, hydroenergy and geothermal, which may be used to power stationery equipment (wind, hydroenergy), to provide heating or cooling (solar, geothermal) or to generate electricity (wind, hydroenergy) to service a multiplicity of on-farm activities (see also, Energy Sources: Renewable and Non Renewable).
Alternatively, it may be applied on the surface of the ground or crop (e.g. grass) using a tractor mounted centrifugal spinner or oscillating spout type applicator where the fertilizer is broadcast rather than placed in rows. Aerial application of fertilizers may also be used in locations inaccessible to tractors, as described in Fertilizer Applicators and Plant Protection Equipment (EOLSS on-line, 2002). Both pressurized (typically using ammonia) and nonpressurized liquid fertilizer applicators are also described. Protection of plants from diseases and pests is normally achieved by atomizing a liquid formulation containing the active pesticide ingredient through a small nozzle under pressure and spraying onto, beside or beneath the crop canopy, or by using granular pesticide applicators.

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Primary power sources are many and varied including solar, wind, hydroenergy and geothermal, which may be used to power stationery equipment (wind, hydroenergy), to provide heating or cooling (solar, geothermal) or to generate electricity (wind, hydroenergy) to service a multiplicity of on-farm activities (see also, Energy Sources: Renewable and Non Renewable).
Alternatively, it may be applied on the surface of the ground or crop (e.g. grass) using a tractor mounted centrifugal spinner or oscillating spout type applicator where the fertilizer is broadcast rather than placed in rows. Aerial application of fertilizers may also be used in locations inaccessible to tractors, as described in Fertilizer Applicators and Plant Protection Equipment (EOLSS on-line, 2002). Both pressurized (typically using ammonia) and nonpressurized liquid fertilizer applicators are also described. Protection of plants from diseases and pests is normally achieved by atomizing a liquid formulation containing the active pesticide ingredient through a small nozzle under pressure and spraying onto, beside or beneath the crop canopy, or by using granular pesticide applicators.

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